OceanWiki - User contributions [en]

Quantification of virus particles

2026-10-08T08:15:35Z

Chuan Ku: /* Limitations */

{{BreadcrumbsInteractions}}

* [[Page authors|Page authors]]: [[PRIMO]]
* [[Responsible curator|Responsible curator]]: [[User:Hagi BucknWise|Hagen Buck-Wiese]]
----

__TOC__
<div class="model-box">
{| class="model-ib" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em;"
! Virus particle abundance
|-
| '''Approach:''' epifluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, plaque assay, or MPN
|-
| '''Context:''' ''in situ'', incubation, lab
|-
| '''Spatial scale:''' point sample
|-
| '''Temporal scale:''' hours to days (changes in abundance)
|-
| '''Units:''' particles L-1; particles cell-1 (burst size)
|-
| '''Community captured:''' bulk viral community
|-
| '''Co-measurements:''' host cell abundance
|}
</div>
<div style="clear:both"></div>

== Method Overview ==

Virus-like particle (VLP) concentrations in seawater are determined by one of several approaches: (1) Epifluorescence microscopy after staining with SYBR Green I or DAPI: filtered samples on anodisc or polycarbonate membranes are stained with a nucleic-acid-specific fluorescent dye and counted under the microscope. (2) Flow cytometry: samples are stained with SYBR Green I and run on a flow cytometer; VLPs are resolved as a distinct population based on their green fluorescence and side scatter<ref name="Marie1999">Marie, D., Brussaard, C. P. D., Thyrhaug, R., Bratbak, G., & Vaulot, D. (1999). Enumeration of marine viruses in culture and natural samples by flow cytometry. ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 65(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.1.45-52.1999</ref>. (3) Plaque assays: serial dilutions of a water sample are applied to a lawn of susceptible host cells and plaques (clearings) are counted. (4) Most probable number (MPN) methods: serial dilution and host infection in multiwell plates.

=== Scale of measurement ===

Each measurement gives a snapshot of viral abundance at a single time point. Time-series measurements reveal viral production and decay rates.

=== Data generated ===

Virus-like particle concentration (VLPs L-1); virus-to-bacterium ratio (VBR). Changes in VLP concentration in dilution incubations can estimate viral production rates.

=== Units & currency ===

Units are particles L-1. The currency is virus particles.

=== Sample size ===

Typical samples are < 1 L in volume.

=== Repositories & databases ===

== Limitations ==

All particle-counting methods quantify VLPs (virus-like particles) without distinguishing infective from non-infective viruses. Plaque and MPN assays only count viruses infective to the specific host cell line used, missing the majority of viral diversity in a community. SYBR Green staining does not distinguish viruses from other small particles with nucleic acid. The assumption that all VLPs are bacteriophage or eukaryotic viruses (vs. gene transfer agents, membrane vesicles) introduces uncertainty.

When cell abundance is measured, the attribution of cell loss (mortality) to viral infection is limited by the assumption that viral production is only through cell lysis (vs. budding) and the uncertainty in virus production per cell.

== Example Applications & Protocols ==

=== Classic examples ===
* Marie et al. (1999) ''Enumeration of marine viruses in culture and natural samples by flow cytometry'' <ref name="Marie1999" />
* Hennes & Suttle (1995) ''Direct counts of viruses in natural waters and laboratory cultures by epifluorescence microscopy'' <ref name="Hennes1995">Hennes, K. P., & Suttle, C. A. (1995). Direct counts of viruses in natural waters and laboratory cultures by epifluorescence microscopy. ''Limnology and Oceanography'', 40(6), 1050–1055. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1995.40.6.1050</ref>

=== Recent applications ===
* Brussaard (2004) ''Optimisation of procedures for counting viruses by flow cytometry'' <ref name="Brussaard2004">Brussaard, C. P. D. (2004). Optimisation of procedures for counting viruses by flow cytometry. ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 70(3), 1506–1513. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.3.1506-1513.2004</ref>

=== Common calculations/conversions ===
* Virus-to-bacterium ratio (VBR) = VLP concentration / bacterial cell concentration; typically 10–100 in marine environments.
* Viral production rate (VP, VLPs L-1 h-1) from dilution experiments: VP = ΔVLP / Δt corrected for virus decay.

== References ==

[[Category:Main Pages|Model types]]

Talk:15N/13C-labelled DOM/cells

2026-10-08T05:28:39Z

Chuan Ku: Chuan Ku moved page Talk:15N/13C-labelled DOM/cells to Talk:Isotope (15N/13C) labeling and assimilation of organic matter: More emphasis on the processes in this method's title

#REDIRECT [[Talk:Isotope (15N/13C) labeling and assimilation of organic matter]]

Talk:Isotope (15N/13C) labeling and assimilation of organic matter

2026-10-08T05:28:39Z

Chuan Ku: Chuan Ku moved page Talk:15N/13C-labelled DOM/cells to Talk:Isotope (15N/13C) labeling and assimilation of organic matter: More emphasis on the processes in this method's title

== Title ==
The original title "15N/13C-labelled DOM/cells" can be changed to one that sounds more like a method and is consistent with other page titles (e.g., Isotope (15N/13C) labeling and assimilation of organic matter).

== Scope ==

The current box title limits the scope to osmotrophic mixotrophy, but this method is not limited to osmotrophy and the "Methods Overview" section also mentions particulate organic matter. The box title can be changed to Osmotrophic or phagotrophic mixotrophy.

15N/13C-labelled DOM/cells

2026-10-08T05:28:39Z

Chuan Ku: Chuan Ku moved page 15N/13C-labelled DOM/cells to Isotope (15N/13C) labeling and assimilation of organic matter: More emphasis on the processes in this method's title

#REDIRECT [[Isotope (15N/13C) labeling and assimilation of organic matter]]

Isotope (15N/13C) labeling and assimilation of organic matter

2026-10-08T05:28:39Z

Chuan Ku: Chuan Ku moved page 15N/13C-labelled DOM/cells to Isotope (15N/13C) labeling and assimilation of organic matter: More emphasis on the processes in this method's title

{{BreadcrumbsInteractions}}

* [[Page authors|Page authors]]: [[PRIMO]]
* [[Responsible curator|Responsible curator]]: [[User:Hagi BucknWise|Hagen Buck-Wiese]]
----

__TOC__
<div class="model-box">
{| class="model-ib" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em;"
! Osmotrophic or phagotrophic mixotrophy (13C/15N assimilation)
|-
| '''Approach:''' 13C/15N-labelled dissolved or particulate organic matter; EA-IRMS or nanoSIMS
|-
| '''Context:''' incubation, lab
|-
| '''Spatial scale:''' single cell to community
|-
| '''Temporal scale:''' 24 h
|-
| '''Units:''' µmol C or N L-1 d-1; fmol cell-1 d-1 (nanoSIMS)
|-
| '''Community captured:''' osmotrophic mixotrophs (e.g., specific flagellate species or picophytoplankton) or phagotrophic mixotrophs
|-
| '''Co-measurements:''' temperature, PAR, bulk POC and PON, cell abundance
|}
</div>
<div style="clear:both"></div>

== Method Overview ==

13C- and 15N-labelled dissolved organic matter (DOM) or particulate organic cells are added to incubation bottles containing natural seawater communities. Mixotrophs — organisms capable of both photosynthesis and uptake of dissolved or particulate organic compounds — incorporate the labelled substrates into their biomass. After incubation, the bulk 13C and 15N enrichment of the particulate fraction is measured by EA-IRMS, providing community-level assimilation rates. For single-cell resolution, cells are fixed, filtered, and analysed by nanoSIMS, revealing which individual cells (identified by FISH or flow cytometry) assimilated the labelled substrate and at what per-cell rate<ref name="Millette2023">Millette, N. C., Leles, S. G., Johnson, M. D., & Menden-Deuer, S. (2023). Mixoplankton and mixotrophy: future research priorities. ''Journal of Plankton Research'', 45(4), 576–596. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbad020</ref>.

=== Scale of measurement ===

Discrete samples are collected and incubated for 24 h. NanoSIMS provides single-cell resolution with ~50 nm spatial precision.

=== Data generated ===

Community-level DOM assimilation rates (µmol C or N L-1 d-1) from EA-IRMS, or per-cell assimilation rates (fmol C or N cell-1 d-1) from nanoSIMS. Identifies which populations in the community are actively assimilating organic substrates.

=== Units & currency ===

Units are µmol C or N L-1 d-1 (bulk) or fmol cell-1 d-1 (single cell). The currency is carbon and/or nitrogen.

=== Sample size ===

Typical samples are > 1 L in volume for bulk EA-IRMS; mL for nanoSIMS.

=== Repositories & databases ===

== Limitations ==

There is a trade-off between incubation time (needed for detectable 13C/15N enrichment) and confidence that the label has not cycled through multiple steps (e.g., DOM mineralized and re-fixed by autotrophs). Bottle effects apply. For nanoSIMS, the low throughput (tens to hundreds of cells per session) limits statistical power.

== Example Applications & Protocols ==

=== Classic examples ===
*Terrado et al. (2017) ''Autotrophic and heterotrophic acquisition of carbon and nitrogen by a mixotrophic chrysophyte established through stable isotope analysis'' <ref name="Terrado2023">Terrado et al. (2017). Autotrophic and heterotrophic acquisition of carbon and nitrogen by a mixotrophic chrysophyte established through stable isotope analysis. ''ISME Journal'', 11(9), 2022–2034. https://academic.oup.com/ismej/article/11/9/2022/7538007</ref>

=== Recent applications ===
* Millette et al. (2023) ''Mixoplankton and mixotrophy: future research priorities'' <ref name="Millette2023" />

=== Common calculations/conversions ===
* Per-cell assimilation rate (nanoSIMS) = [(13C/12C)cell − (13C/12C)natural] / [(13C/12C)DOM − (13C/12C)natural] × Ccell / incubation time.

== References ==

[[Category:Main Pages|Model types]]

Talk:Isotope (15N/13C) labeling and assimilation of organic matter

2026-10-08T05:26:38Z

Chuan Ku: /* Title */

Isotope (15N/13C) labeling and assimilation of organic matter

2026-10-08T05:18:27Z

Chuan Ku: Citation

{{BreadcrumbsInteractions}}

* [[Page authors|Page authors]]: [[PRIMO]]
* [[Responsible curator|Responsible curator]]: [[User:Hagi BucknWise|Hagen Buck-Wiese]]
----

__TOC__
<div class="model-box">
{| class="model-ib" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em;"
! Osmotrophic or phagotrophic mixotrophy (13C/15N assimilation)
|-
| '''Approach:''' 13C/15N-labelled dissolved or particulate organic matter; EA-IRMS or nanoSIMS
|-
| '''Context:''' incubation, lab
|-
| '''Spatial scale:''' single cell to community
|-
| '''Temporal scale:''' 24 h
|-
| '''Units:''' µmol C or N L-1 d-1; fmol cell-1 d-1 (nanoSIMS)
|-
| '''Community captured:''' osmotrophic mixotrophs (e.g., specific flagellate species or picophytoplankton) or phagotrophic mixotrophs
|-
| '''Co-measurements:''' temperature, PAR, bulk POC and PON, cell abundance
|}
</div>
<div style="clear:both"></div>

== Method Overview ==

13C- and 15N-labelled dissolved organic matter (DOM) or particulate organic cells are added to incubation bottles containing natural seawater communities. Mixotrophs — organisms capable of both photosynthesis and uptake of dissolved or particulate organic compounds — incorporate the labelled substrates into their biomass. After incubation, the bulk 13C and 15N enrichment of the particulate fraction is measured by EA-IRMS, providing community-level assimilation rates. For single-cell resolution, cells are fixed, filtered, and analysed by nanoSIMS, revealing which individual cells (identified by FISH or flow cytometry) assimilated the labelled substrate and at what per-cell rate<ref name="Millette2023">Millette, N. C., Leles, S. G., Johnson, M. D., & Menden-Deuer, S. (2023). Mixoplankton and mixotrophy: future research priorities. ''Journal of Plankton Research'', 45(4), 576–596. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbad020</ref>.

=== Scale of measurement ===

Discrete samples are collected and incubated for 24 h. NanoSIMS provides single-cell resolution with ~50 nm spatial precision.

=== Data generated ===

Community-level DOM assimilation rates (µmol C or N L-1 d-1) from EA-IRMS, or per-cell assimilation rates (fmol C or N cell-1 d-1) from nanoSIMS. Identifies which populations in the community are actively assimilating organic substrates.

=== Units & currency ===

Units are µmol C or N L-1 d-1 (bulk) or fmol cell-1 d-1 (single cell). The currency is carbon and/or nitrogen.

=== Sample size ===

Typical samples are > 1 L in volume for bulk EA-IRMS; mL for nanoSIMS.

=== Repositories & databases ===

== Limitations ==

There is a trade-off between incubation time (needed for detectable 13C/15N enrichment) and confidence that the label has not cycled through multiple steps (e.g., DOM mineralized and re-fixed by autotrophs). Bottle effects apply. For nanoSIMS, the low throughput (tens to hundreds of cells per session) limits statistical power.

== Example Applications & Protocols ==

=== Classic examples ===
*Terrado et al. (2017) ''Autotrophic and heterotrophic acquisition of carbon and nitrogen by a mixotrophic chrysophyte established through stable isotope analysis'' <ref name="Terrado2023">Terrado et al. (2017). Autotrophic and heterotrophic acquisition of carbon and nitrogen by a mixotrophic chrysophyte established through stable isotope analysis. ''ISME Journal'', 11(9), 2022–2034. https://academic.oup.com/ismej/article/11/9/2022/7538007</ref>

=== Recent applications ===
* Millette et al. (2023) ''Mixoplankton and mixotrophy: future research priorities'' <ref name="Millette2023" />

=== Common calculations/conversions ===
* Per-cell assimilation rate (nanoSIMS) = [(13C/12C)cell − (13C/12C)natural] / [(13C/12C)DOM − (13C/12C)natural] × Ccell / incubation time.

== References ==

[[Category:Main Pages|Model types]]

Isotope (15N/13C) labeling and assimilation of organic matter

2026-10-08T05:15:53Z

Chuan Ku:

{{BreadcrumbsInteractions}}

* [[Page authors|Page authors]]: [[PRIMO]]
* [[Responsible curator|Responsible curator]]: [[User:Hagi BucknWise|Hagen Buck-Wiese]]
----

__TOC__
<div class="model-box">
{| class="model-ib" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em;"
! Osmotrophic or phagotrophic mixotrophy (13C/15N assimilation)
|-
| '''Approach:''' 13C/15N-labelled dissolved or particulate organic matter; EA-IRMS or nanoSIMS
|-
| '''Context:''' incubation, lab
|-
| '''Spatial scale:''' single cell to community
|-
| '''Temporal scale:''' 24 h
|-
| '''Units:''' µmol C or N L-1 d-1; fmol cell-1 d-1 (nanoSIMS)
|-
| '''Community captured:''' osmotrophic mixotrophs (e.g., specific flagellate species or picophytoplankton) or phagotrophic mixotrophs
|-
| '''Co-measurements:''' temperature, PAR, bulk POC and PON, cell abundance
|}
</div>
<div style="clear:both"></div>

== Method Overview ==

13C- and 15N-labelled dissolved organic matter (DOM) or particulate organic cells are added to incubation bottles containing natural seawater communities. Mixotrophs — organisms capable of both photosynthesis and uptake of dissolved or particulate organic compounds — incorporate the labelled substrates into their biomass. After incubation, the bulk 13C and 15N enrichment of the particulate fraction is measured by EA-IRMS, providing community-level assimilation rates. For single-cell resolution, cells are fixed, filtered, and analysed by nanoSIMS, revealing which individual cells (identified by FISH or flow cytometry) assimilated the labelled substrate and at what per-cell rate<ref name="Millette2023">Millette, N. C., Leles, S. G., Johnson, M. D., & Menden-Deuer, S. (2023). Mixoplankton and mixotrophy: future research priorities. ''Journal of Plankton Research'', 45(4), 576–596. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbad020</ref>.

=== Scale of measurement ===

Discrete samples are collected and incubated for 24 h. NanoSIMS provides single-cell resolution with ~50 nm spatial precision.

=== Data generated ===

Community-level DOM assimilation rates (µmol C or N L-1 d-1) from EA-IRMS, or per-cell assimilation rates (fmol C or N cell-1 d-1) from nanoSIMS. Identifies which populations in the community are actively assimilating organic substrates.

=== Units & currency ===

Units are µmol C or N L-1 d-1 (bulk) or fmol cell-1 d-1 (single cell). The currency is carbon and/or nitrogen.

=== Sample size ===

Typical samples are > 1 L in volume for bulk EA-IRMS; mL for nanoSIMS.

=== Repositories & databases ===

== Limitations ==

There is a trade-off between incubation time (needed for detectable 13C/15N enrichment) and confidence that the label has not cycled through multiple steps (e.g., DOM mineralized and re-fixed by autotrophs). Bottle effects apply. For nanoSIMS, the low throughput (tens to hundreds of cells per session) limits statistical power.

== Example Applications & Protocols ==

=== Classic examples ===
*Terrado et al. (2017) ''Autotrophic and heterotrophic acquisition of carbon and nitrogen by a mixotrophic chrysophyte established through stable isotope analysis'' <ref name="Millette2023">Millette, N. C., Leles, S. G., Johnson, M. D., & Menden-Deuer, S. (2023). Mixoplankton and mixotrophy: future research priorities. ''Journal of Plankton Research'', 45(4), 576–596. https://academic.oup.com/ismej/article/11/9/2022/7538007</ref>

=== Recent applications ===
* Millette et al. (2023) ''Mixoplankton and mixotrophy: future research priorities'' <ref name="Millette2023" />

=== Common calculations/conversions ===
* Per-cell assimilation rate (nanoSIMS) = [(13C/12C)cell − (13C/12C)natural] / [(13C/12C)DOM − (13C/12C)natural] × Ccell / incubation time.

== References ==

[[Category:Main Pages|Model types]]

Isotope (15N/13C) labeling and assimilation of organic matter

2026-10-08T04:48:21Z

Chuan Ku:

{{BreadcrumbsInteractions}}

* [[Page authors|Page authors]]: [[PRIMO]]
* [[Responsible curator|Responsible curator]]: [[User:Hagi BucknWise|Hagen Buck-Wiese]]
----

__TOC__
<div class="model-box">
{| class="model-ib" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em;"
! Osmotrophic or phagotrophic mixotrophy (13C/15N assimilation)
|-
| '''Approach:''' 13C/15N-labelled dissolved or particulate organic matter; EA-IRMS or nanoSIMS
|-
| '''Context:''' incubation, lab
|-
| '''Spatial scale:''' single cell to community
|-
| '''Temporal scale:''' 24 h
|-
| '''Units:''' µmol C or N L-1 d-1; fmol cell-1 d-1 (nanoSIMS)
|-
| '''Community captured:''' osmotrophic mixotrophs (e.g., specific flagellate species or picophytoplankton) or phagotrophic mixotrophs
|-
| '''Co-measurements:''' temperature, PAR, bulk POC and PON, cell abundance
|}
</div>
<div style="clear:both"></div>

== Method Overview ==

13C- and 15N-labelled dissolved organic matter (DOM) or particulate organic cells are added to incubation bottles containing natural seawater communities. Mixotrophs — organisms capable of both photosynthesis and uptake of dissolved or particulate organic compounds — incorporate the labelled substrates into their biomass. After incubation, the bulk 13C and 15N enrichment of the particulate fraction is measured by EA-IRMS, providing community-level assimilation rates. For single-cell resolution, cells are fixed, filtered, and analysed by nanoSIMS, revealing which individual cells (identified by FISH or flow cytometry) assimilated the labelled substrate and at what per-cell rate<ref name="Millette2023">Millette, N. C., Leles, S. G., Johnson, M. D., & Menden-Deuer, S. (2023). Mixoplankton and mixotrophy: future research priorities. ''Journal of Plankton Research'', 45(4), 576–596. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbad020</ref>.

=== Scale of measurement ===

Discrete samples are collected and incubated for 24 h. NanoSIMS provides single-cell resolution with ~50 nm spatial precision.

=== Data generated ===

Community-level DOM assimilation rates (µmol C or N L-1 d-1) from EA-IRMS, or per-cell assimilation rates (fmol C or N cell-1 d-1) from nanoSIMS. Identifies which populations in the community are actively assimilating organic substrates.

=== Units & currency ===

Units are µmol C or N L-1 d-1 (bulk) or fmol cell-1 d-1 (single cell). The currency is carbon and/or nitrogen.

=== Sample size ===

Typical samples are > 1 L in volume for bulk EA-IRMS; mL for nanoSIMS.

=== Repositories & databases ===

== Limitations ==

There is a trade-off between incubation time (needed for detectable 13C/15N enrichment) and confidence that the label has not cycled through multiple steps (e.g., DOM mineralized and re-fixed by autotrophs). Bottle effects apply. For nanoSIMS, the low throughput (tens to hundreds of cells per session) limits statistical power.

== Example Applications & Protocols ==

=== Classic examples ===
*

=== Recent applications ===
* Millette et al. (2023) ''Mixoplankton and mixotrophy: future research priorities'' <ref name="Millette2023" />

=== Common calculations/conversions ===
* Per-cell assimilation rate (nanoSIMS) = [(13C/12C)cell − (13C/12C)natural] / [(13C/12C)DOM − (13C/12C)natural] × Ccell / incubation time.

== References ==

[[Category:Main Pages|Model types]]

Isotope (15N/13C) labeling and assimilation of organic matter

2026-10-08T04:42:14Z

Chuan Ku: Expansion of the scope

{{BreadcrumbsInteractions}}

* [[Page authors|Page authors]]: [[PRIMO]]
* [[Responsible curator|Responsible curator]]: [[User:Hagi BucknWise|Hagen Buck-Wiese]]
----

__TOC__
<div class="model-box">
{| class="model-ib" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em;"
! Osmotrophic or phagotrophic mixotrophy (13C/15N assimilation)
|-
| '''Approach:''' 13C/15N-labelled dissolved or particulate organic matter; EA-IRMS or nanoSIMS
|-
| '''Context:''' incubation, lab
|-
| '''Spatial scale:''' single cell to community
|-
| '''Temporal scale:''' 24 h
|-
| '''Units:''' µmol C or N L-1 d-1; fmol cell-1 d-1 (nanoSIMS)
|-
| '''Community captured:''' osmotrophic mixotrophs (e.g., specific flagellate species or picophytoplankton)
|-
| '''Co-measurements:''' temperature, PAR, bulk POC and PON, cell abundance
|}
</div>
<div style="clear:both"></div>

== Method Overview ==

13C- and 15N-labelled dissolved organic matter (DOM) or particulate organic cells are added to incubation bottles containing natural seawater communities. Osmotrophic mixotrophs — organisms capable of both photosynthesis and uptake of dissolved or particulate organic compounds — incorporate the labelled substrates into their biomass. After incubation, the bulk 13C and 15N enrichment of the particulate fraction is measured by EA-IRMS, providing community-level assimilation rates. For single-cell resolution, cells are fixed, filtered, and analysed by nanoSIMS, revealing which individual cells (identified by FISH or flow cytometry) assimilated the labelled substrate and at what per-cell rate<ref name="Millette2023">Millette, N. C., Leles, S. G., Johnson, M. D., & Menden-Deuer, S. (2023). Mixoplankton and mixotrophy: future research priorities. ''Journal of Plankton Research'', 45(4), 576–596. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbad020</ref>.

=== Scale of measurement ===

Discrete samples are collected and incubated for 24 h. NanoSIMS provides single-cell resolution with ~50 nm spatial precision.

=== Data generated ===

Community-level DOM assimilation rates (µmol C or N L-1 d-1) from EA-IRMS, or per-cell assimilation rates (fmol C or N cell-1 d-1) from nanoSIMS. Identifies which populations in the community are actively assimilating organic substrates.

=== Units & currency ===

Units are µmol C or N L-1 d-1 (bulk) or fmol cell-1 d-1 (single cell). The currency is carbon and/or nitrogen.

=== Sample size ===

Typical samples are > 1 L in volume for bulk EA-IRMS; mL for nanoSIMS.

=== Repositories & databases ===

== Limitations ==

There is a trade-off between incubation time (needed for detectable 13C/15N enrichment) and confidence that the label has not cycled through multiple steps (e.g., DOM mineralized and re-fixed by autotrophs). Bottle effects apply. For nanoSIMS, the low throughput (tens to hundreds of cells per session) limits statistical power.

== Example Applications & Protocols ==

=== Classic examples ===
*

=== Recent applications ===
* Millette et al. (2023) ''Mixoplankton and mixotrophy: future research priorities'' <ref name="Millette2023" />

=== Common calculations/conversions ===
* Per-cell assimilation rate (nanoSIMS) = [(13C/12C)cell − (13C/12C)natural] / [(13C/12C)DOM − (13C/12C)natural] × Ccell / incubation time.

== References ==

[[Category:Main Pages|Model types]]

Talk:Isotope (15N/13C) labeling and assimilation of organic matter

2026-10-08T04:39:59Z

Chuan Ku: Created page with "== Title == The original title "15N/13C-labelled DOM/cells" can be changed to one that sounds more like a method and is consistent with other page titles (e.g., Isotope (15N, 13C) labeling and assimilation of organic matter). == Scope == The current box title limits the scope to osmotrophic mixotrophy, but this method is not limited to osmotrophy and the "Methods Overview" section also mentions particulate organic matter. The box title can be changed to Osmotrophic o..."

== Title ==
The original title "15N/13C-labelled DOM/cells" can be changed to one that sounds more like a method and is consistent with other page titles (e.g., Isotope (15N, 13C) labeling and assimilation of organic matter).

== Scope ==

The current box title limits the scope to osmotrophic mixotrophy, but this method is not limited to osmotrophy and the "Methods Overview" section also mentions particulate organic matter. The box title can be changed to Osmotrophic or phagotrophic mixotrophy.